Lugards leadership that indirect rule became a dominant colonial philosophy in. The relationship between indirect rule and quranic education. Biafra, nigeria, the west and the world the colonial and precolonial eras in nigeria englands indirect rule in its african colonies. The two were later merged with the northern nigeria protectorate in 1914. After the british government assumed direct control of the royal niger companys territories, the northern areas were renamed the protectorate of northern nigeria, and the land in the niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the niger coast protectorate, which was renamed the protectorate of southern nigeria. In nigeria for instance, indirect rule caused a lot of problems before it finally succeeded in some part of the country.
Pdf on jul 19, 2018, nadjouia hallouch and others published british indirect rule and islam in northern nigeria 19001940 find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Indirect rule in nigeria overview, reasons and results. In west africa, lord lugard the high commissioner of northern nigeria protectorate introduced indirect rule firstly in northern nigeria. Why did the indirect rule fail in the eastern part of nigeria. The warrant chief system, anchored on the colonial native court of. It can be regarded as a form of showing and proclaiming power in nigeria.
Give the reasons why the british used indirect rule in. A historical and comparative analysis of colonial and post. This article asserts that the policy of indirect rule and the official apathy towards islamic and quranic education in the region has led to this rise of unregulated and unreformed fundamentalist quranic schools in northern nigeria. Oldnaija is an online platform dedicated to documenting the history and culture of nigeria. Tradition, modernity, and the costuming of political power rochester studies in african history and the diaspora. Lugards success in northern nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule, which called for governing the protectorate through the rulers who had been defeated. International african institute middlebury college. The indirect rule system was introduced to nigeria by lord frederick lugard. Indirect rule is the system of government in which the traditional structures of the local people were employed in the administration of the british overseas territories in west africa. The paper applies historical and comparative analysis of colonial and postcolonial civil service in nigeria.
Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the british and french to control parts of their. Indirect rule in northern nigeria because of the preeminent position of lugard in developing the theory and practice of indirect rule, there has been the tendency to argue that he introduced indirect rule in nigeria only in the north. Missionaries, indirect rule and the changing mandate of mission in colonial northern nigeria. The state that indirect rule created was weak in several well dened ways. In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content northern nigeriaa study in political geography john b. Appleton seripps college, claremont, california between the. The architect of the system, in west africa, was lord frederi. So as to enable africans to adjust to colonization without losing their identity. Native laws, for example islamic, were maintained in northern nigeria, with the exception of those considered barbaric. Educational policy in nigeria hauwa imam educational policy in nigeria from the colonial era to the postindependence period hauwa imam1 abstract. The demise of indirect rule in the emirates of northern. The british in northern nigeria, which became the model for indirect rule, 1 i n th e summar y of lectur i english ts official polic wa tha associatio ver put more explicitly. The lagos colony was however merged with the southern nigeria protectorate in 1906. The region was officially divided in 1967 into three new states, the eastcentral state, rivers state and southeastern state.
The nature and operation of indirect rule in northern nigerian, amply confirm these. The existence of centralized institutions like the emirs in sokoto caliphate in northern nigeria and kabaka plus chiefs in buganda these had substantial influence among the their subjects 3. Local emirs were rulers but real power stayed with the governor. Why did indirect rule succeeded in northern nigeria. Why indirect rule was successful in northern nigeria answers. While the indirect rule is a simple system of colonial rule with the use of leaders as a ruling. History nigeria area, system, future, power, policy. The demise of indirect rule in the emirates of northern nigeria. We provide a suitable elearning platform for history students in nigeria. Why indirect rule was successful in northern nigeria.
The system was the only immediate means through which these different groups of peoples were saved from dictatorial systems of government. Lugard, the conqueror of the emirates, to administer directly and had as its basis. Missionaries, indirect rule and the changing mandate of. Pdf the civilizing mission and indirect rule in northern nigeria. The british in northern nigeria, which became the model for indirect rule, in the summary of the lecture in english it is official policy was that of association very put more explicitly. Britains colonial administrations and developments, 1861.
Lord lugard considered islam as an inferior religion ukwandu, 2016. Why did the indirect rule work in northern nigeria and not. Nigeria alongside settler administrators to govern northern nigeria. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs. Journal of the international african institute, vol. In the summary of the lecture in english it is official policy was that of. Direct rule was a system where the europeansthe british entrenched themselves in the direct administration of their colonies. Indirect rule was a system under which the british recognized the existing african political system and used it to rule over the colonies. The capital was later moved to enugu and the second capital was umuahia.
Why did indirect rule succeeded in northern nigeria answers. Lugard, who also introduced indirect rule into northern nigeria, had decreed in his political memoranda, the corpus of instructions to administrative officers, that. As elsewhere in nigeria, the north suffers from a potent mix of economic malaise and contentious, communitybased distribution of public resources. Tradition, modernity, and the costuming of political power rochester studies in african history and the diaspora myers, j. General daumas, speaking to the legislative corps in. Indirect rule was a type of contract between the british colonial government and the traditional rulers of northern nigeria. This paper examines the compatibility of the civilizing mission with the british colonial doctrine of indirect rule. Sir frederick lugard 1922 formally described the system of indirect rule during his tenure in northern nigeria, although indirect rule characterized earlier. Why did britain adopt this policy of indirect rule. Nigeria was the home of the classic system of indirect rule which sir fredrick later lord lugard, the father of that system, stamped upon a society widely different in kind, size and culture. What are 3 main stages of indirect rule and precolonial administration in nigeria. At the earlier days, the british adopted indirect rule over nigeria.
Direct rule occurred in northern ireland from 1972 to 1998 during the troubles, and for shorter periods between then and 2007. Direct rule is when an imperial or central power takes direct control over the legislature, executive and civil administration of an otherwise largely selfgoverning territory. The relation between the british political o cer and the chief was in. Northern nigeria the british in northern nigeria, which became the model for indirect rule, believed that it was their task to conserve what was good in indigenous institutions and assist them to develop on their own lines. Nigeria as a colony system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Indirect rule was introduced into northern nigeria by lord frederick lugard between 1900 and 1906. Educational policy in nigeria from the colonial era to the. The british rule during most of the colonial days was more of bureaucratic and autocratic rule. Major policy was determined by the british governments northern ireland office, under the direction of the secretary of state for northern ireland.
This influence was more fancied than real, but it provided the basis for british rule over northern nigeria, which was consolidated by a series of punitive expeditions culminating in the establishment of the protectorate of northern nigeria in 1900. Indirect rule system in western eastern and northern. Such method was mainly used by the british and the french. It was a system of administration adopted by the british to rule their west african territories. Religion, christian principles, islam, northern nigeria, indirect rule. The african chiefs would work at little or no pay at all. Because the eastern igbo political structure is a segmentary system of governance where there is hierarchy of power from the family to the age group and to special titleholders. Indirect rule is when one country, lets say england, governs another country, let say nigeria, but the governed people in nigeria get to keep certain administration and legal powers. The british in northern nigeria, which became the model for indirect rule. If the emirs accepted british authority, abandoned the slave trade, and cooperated with british officials. Lugard had witnesses the system of indirect rule in india and uganda since he served as a colonial officer. The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application, of indirect rule in uganda and nigeria is usually traced to the work of frederick lugard, the high commissioner of the protectorate of northern nigeria from 1899 to 1906. Cambridge university press on behalf of the international african institute.
A case for political decentralisation in nigeria a thesis submitted in fulfilment for the degree of master of arts international studies by research. Indirect rule has been prac close to lugards ideas. It is pertinent to note that every part of nigeria experienced indirect rule almost as soon as british rule was imposed. State five reasons why indirect rule was unsuccessful in southern nigeria i southern nigeria lacked centralized administration which could be used to implement the indirect rule ii african chiefs feared erosion and loss of the traditional authority iii the african elite resented british rule. Indirect rule on the other hand is a system of government used by the british and french to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in africa and asia, through preexisting local. After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the british merged the small lagos colony and the southern nigeria protectorate into a new colony of southern nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the northern nigeria protectorate to form the colony and protectorate of nigeria. Therefore, the best statement on the matter is that lugard introduced and practiced his own branch of indirect rule in northern nigeria and the rest of the country. Femi adegbulu, redeemers university, nigeria abstract much has been written about warrant chiefs and the nature of colonial administration in eastern nigeria. While the indirect rule is a simple system of colonial rule with the use of.
Indirect rule, as developed in northern nigeria was a practical means of administering a huge territory, with only limited manpower and cash. Scholars of british indirect rule generally regard its practice in the emirates of northern nigeria as the epitome of the collaborative relationship between british colonial officials and african aristocracies. Indirect rule was by no means a new idea at the time, for it had been in use in ruling empires throughout history. Islam is a religion incapable of the highest development but its limitations clearly suit the limitations of the people. A historical and comparative analysis of colonial and postcolonial bureaucracy in nigeria emmanuel jude abiodun akinwale, phd. So as to counterminimize african resistance to the british rule by using local leaders at. There is a widened western educational gap between the north and south of nigeria with the predominantly muslim areas of the north lagging behind due to some. Englands indirect rule in its african colonies aha. Indirect rule was the system of government used by britain and french during the colonization of many african and asian countries. Pdf on jul 19, 2018, nadjouia hallouch and others published british indirect rule and islam in northern nigeria 19001940.
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